LSHS stands for Low Sulphur Heavy Stock or Low Sulphur Heavy Fuel Oil. It is a type of residual fuel oil with lower sulphur content compared to 

traditional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO).

Characteristics:

1. Density: 0.95-1.04 g/cm³

2. Viscosity: 150-400 mm²/s (at 50°C)

3. Sulphur content: 0.5-1.5% (max)

4. Flash point: 66-93°C

5. Cetane number: 30-40

Uses:

1. Industrial furnaces (heat treatment, cement, steel)

2. Power generation (thermal power plants)

3. Marine vessels (bunker fuel)

4. Boilers (steam generation)

5. Space heating (large buildings, industrial facilities)

Benefits:

1. Lower sulphur emissions (SOx)

2. Reduced air pollution

3. Compliance with environmental regulations

4. Suitable for high-temperature applications

Comparison with other fuels:

1. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil): higher sulphur content

2. LDO (Light Diesel Oil): lighter, lower sulphur content

3. ULSFO (Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil): lower sulphur content (<0.1%)

4. Natural Gas: cleaner, lower emissions

Specifications:

LSHS meets various international standards, including:

1. ASTM D396 (USA)

2. EN 589 (Europe)

3. IS 1593 (India)

Environmental impact:

LSHS has lower sulphur emissions compared to HFO, but still contributes to:

1. Air pollution (particulate matter, NOx)

2. Climate change (CO2 emissions)

3. Water pollution (oil spills)